Need for imaging the atrium in pulmonary vein isolation (PVI)

Imaging of the atrium is needed during pulmonary vein isolation because of the variability in pulmonary venous architecture, to prevent complications like pulmonary vein stenosis, thromboembolic events, cardiac perforation/ tamponade and atrioeosphageal fistula. CARTO ultrasound is a new imaging system. ICE (intracardiac echocardiography) is combined with CARTO imaging in this system. ICE image can also be integrated with MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). NavX system produces real time geometry. CT registration can also be done along with this.